Ultimate Guide to Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe

A mystic place of superlative proportions, Lake Kariba lies along the border of Zambia and Zimbabwe. In terms of volume, it is the largest man-made lake in the world, reaching over 140 miles (220 kilometers) in length. At its widest point, it spans approximately 25 miles (40 kilometers), often making gazing over Lake Kariba feel like looking out to sea.

History & Legends of Kariba

Lake Kariba was created after the completion of the Kariba Dam in 1959. The dam caused the Zambezi River to flood into the Kariba Gorge. This controversial decision displaced the Batonga tribes who had lived in the valley, significantly affecting the local wildlife as well. Fortunately, the damage was somewhat alleviated by Operation Noah, an initiative that saved over 6,000 animals, ranging from dangerous snakes to endangered rhinos, by rescuing them when they became stranded on islands formed by the rising floodwaters.

The lake’s name comes from the Batonga word “Kariva,” meaning “trap.” It is believed to refer to a rock that once protruded from the Zambezi at the entrance of the gorge, thought by the Batonga to be the home of the river god Nyaminyami. After flooding submerged the rock under 100 feet (30 meters) of water, the displaced tribes came to view the extreme floods that damaged the dam during construction as Nyaminyami’s revenge.

The Lake’s Geography

The lake’s source, the Zambezi River, is the fourth largest river in Africa. Lake Kariba plunges to a depth of 320 feet (97 meters) at its deepest point, covering over 2,100 square miles (5,500 square kilometers) in total. When full, the lake’s water mass exceeds 200 billion tons. Kariba Dam is situated at the northeastern end of the lake, serving as a significant source of electric power for both Zambia and Zimbabwe. In 1967, large shoals of kapenta (a small, sardine-like fish) were airlifted to Kariba from Lake Tanganyika, establishing the foundation of a thriving commercial fishing industry.

Several islands dot the lake, with Fothergill, Spurwing, Chete, Chikanka, and Antelope islands being the most notable. On the Zimbabwean side, numerous protected wildlife areas are present, with Matusadona National Park, Charara Safari Area, and Chete Safari Area among the most frequently visited.

Incredible Biodiversity

Before the gorge was flooded, the land that ultimately became the lake bed was cleared, releasing crucial nutrients that bolstered the lake’s biodiversity. In addition to the introduced kapenta, several fish species inhabit Lake Kariba, with the renowned tiger fish being the most notable. This indigenous, razor-toothed fish is celebrated worldwide for its strength and ferocity, making it a premier game fish species on the continent.

Nile crocodiles and hippopotamuses flourish in the lake, while Kariba’s fertile shores attract a wealth of game animals such as elephant, buffalo, lion, cheetah, and antelope. The lake is not just a sanctuary for wildlife; it’s also a haven for numerous bird species. Herons, egrets, kingfishers, and storks are commonly spotted, alongside opportunities for birdwatching in the surrounding parks featuring diverse bush birds and raptors. The haunting call of the African fish eagle frequently resonates throughout the area.

Top Activities on Lake Kariba

Lake Kariba’s top attractions are undoubtedly tied to its vibrant wildlife. Notably, tiger fishing serves as a major draw, with numerous lodges and houseboats offering dedicated tiger fishing trips and guides. While some providers have rods and tackle available for rent, it’s advisable to bring your own. Each October, the lake plays host to the Kariba Invitation Tiger Fish Tournament, showcasing impressive catches, including Zimbabwe’s record tiger fish caught in 2001 weighing a staggering 35.4 pounds (16.1 kilograms). Other notable fishing targets include tilapia and bream species.

Birdwatching and game-viewing are additional popular activities around Lake Kariba. Matusadona National Park, located on the Zimbabwe side west of Kariba Town, offers rewarding safari experiences, sheltering the Big Five: rhino, buffalo, elephant, lion, and leopard. Furthermore, visitors can partake in sailing, motor-boating, and various water sports, with the dam itself being a remarkable site to visit due to its breathtaking engineering and scenic views.

Above all, the lake’s unique scenery contributes significantly to its fame. Drowned trees rise strikingly from the depths, their bare limbs contrasting against the vibrant African sky. By day, the lakescape showcases a beautiful mix of blue and green, while stunning sunsets reflect magnificently on Kariba’s tranquil waters. At night, the starry sky unveils a spectacular display, free from light pollution. From its controversial origins, Lake Kariba has evolved into a place of wonder, recognized as one of Zimbabwe’s top attractions.

Getting There & How to Explore

There are several towns from which to launch your Kariba adventure. On the Zimbabwean side, the largest tourism hub is Kariba Town, located at the northern end of the lake. Further south, Binga and Milibizi provide several charter and accommodation options. On the Zambian side, the main access points are Siavonga to the north and Sinazongwe to the south. If arriving by air, flying into Harare, Zimbabwe’s capital, is recommended, followed by a transfer to Kariba Town — either via a five-hour road trip or a one-hour charter flight.

The most iconic method to explore Lake Kariba is aboard a houseboat. Various operators provide houseboats in different conditions, ranging from basic self-catering to luxurious full-board experiences. These itineraries typically cover multiple areas of the lake, maximizing your exploration opportunities. Some houseboats offer paid transfers from Harare or Lusaka as a convenient option. Alternatively, numerous land-based lodging options exist, varying from campsites to upscale lodges.

Lake Kariba Weather

Lake Kariba experiences warm weather throughout the year, with the hottest conditions occurring from October to April. During this southern hemisphere summer, humidity peaks as the rainy season commences in October and lasts until April. However, it should be noted that rain often manifests as intense afternoon thunderstorms, interspersed with sunny intervals. Moreover, strong winds can lead to choppy lakes during August and September, suggesting that those prone to seasickness should plan their travels accordingly.

The optimal travel period is generally between May and July, when conditions are dry, calm, and somewhat cooler. Although tiger fishing remains viable year-round, early summer (September to December) is seen as the prime season. The rainy season tends to be best for birding, whereas the dry season (May to September) favors land-based game viewing. Ultimately, any time can be a great opportunity to explore Kariba; however, certain periods are preferable for specific activities.

Other Important Information

If you’re considering fishing, it is essential to arrange a permit and familiarize yourself with local fishing regulations. Fly-fishing from the lakeshore is popular, but do ensure you maintain a safe distance from the water’s edge, as Kariba’s crocodiles can be unpredictable in their hunting behavior. Additionally, swimming in the lake is not advisable.

Malaria remains a concern in many areas of Zimbabwe and Zambia, including Lake Kariba. Due to the local mosquitoes’ resistance to chloroquine, selecting the appropriate prophylactics is crucial. Consulting your doctor for suitable medication and any necessary vaccinations is highly recommended.